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Farmers are being asked to collect samples of adult cabbage stem flea beetles from oilseed rape crops at harvest. Scientists at Rothamsted Research are on the hunt for samples so they can assess levels of both pesticide resistance and parasitisation by natural enemies in the beetles. In return for sending in a sample, the institute will give farmers data for their own area and a measure of how it compares nationally. Patricia Ortega-Ramos, who is conducting the research, said the call for insects was part of a project to determine if a wasp recently discovered to parasitise the beetles might be an effective bio-control agent. She said cabbage stem flea beetle numbers had been rising since the 2013 ban on neonicotinoid seed treatments in oilseed rape, resulting in serious yield losses in some parts of the country. Farmers are also beginning to see resistance to the only control option currently available – pyrethroid sprays. “But there is new hope for control,” sa...

RESISTANCE TO antibiotics and pesticides is rising at alarming rates, shows the first estimates of antibiotic and pesticide "planetary boundaries", published in Nature Sustainability. If resistance to antibiotics and pesticides goes beyond these boundaries, societies risk large-scale health and agricultural crises, say the researchers who have assessed the state of six types of resistance— antibiotic resistance in Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacteria; general resistance to insecticides and herbicides; and resistance to transgenic Btcrops and glyphosate resistance in herbicide resistant cropping systems. Gram-negative bacteria, which includes well-known pathogens such as Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae and E coli, are already beyond the "planetary boundary," as some strains of several species are already resistant to all or most antibiotics tested. Pesticide resistance is also an urgent concern, particularly resistance to glyphosate and insecti...

Mark Ross is the chief executive of Agcarm, the industry association for companies which manufacture, distribute and sell crop protection products. Pesticide resistance occurs when there is a shift in the genetics of a pest population that allows individuals to survive. It develops in all agricultural pest groups, and initiates when a very low number of pests survive a pesticide and become resistant . Fortunately, resistance is not yet a significant problem for the majority of New Zealand growers. Although there are pockets of resistant species in some sectors, a wide range of products are effective against pests. Having a range of pesticides available is crucial to managing resistance. Keeping a variety of products available requires manufacturing companies to navigate through a number of hurdles. One major hurdle is the high cost of developing new products, along with high re-registration costs for older pesticides. In New Zealand the process is compounded by the...

Natural and artificial selections Pesticide resistance is the ability of a pest to tolerate a pesticide that once controlled its numbers. Look at Figure 1 below: Figure 1 The use of pesticides is prevalent in all types of agriculture, but particularly so in commercial agriculture. Repeated use of the same class/type of pesticides to control a pest can lead to the promotion of certain characteristics within the population of the pest. When a pesticide is first used, a small proportion of the population may survive the exposure due to some form of variation in their genetic make-up. These individuals then reproduce and pass on the adaptations to the next generation. As the farmer continues to use the pesticide, the proportion of the population of those individuals with the adaptation to survive will increase. In other words, the population of individuals with resistance increases with respect to the population without, and soon only those with the resistance will exist....